Por Carlos Seijas Meneses |
Caracas (EFE).- La economía de Venezuela, que cayó un 7 % de enero a junio -según cálculos independientes-, vuelve a mostrar leves signos de mejora en algunos sectores, como el petrolero, lo que dará un impulso para obtener un crecimiento del 4 % en el segundo semestre respecto al mismo lapso de 2022, prevén expertos, aunque advierten que este incremento no compensará la caída de la primera mitad del año.
El economista Asdrúbal Oliveros, director de la firma Ecoanalítica, dijo a EFE que, para el período entre julio y diciembre, se prevé “una mejora en comparación con el primer semestre”, con “leves signos de crecimiento”, luego de que la economía entrara en un “ciclo recesivo” en los primeros seis meses.
Desde mediados de 2021, el país venía registrando un aumento de su actividad económica, tras reducirse un 80 % en siete años, hasta crecer, según cifras oficiales, “por encima” del 15 % en 2022.
Pero en el primer semestre de este año, la economía se contrajo un 7 % respecto al mismo período de 2022, según el Observatorio Venezolano de Finanzas (OVF), que señaló como causas la “caída del consumo, del crédito y del gasto público”.
Oliveros señala que la caída se produjo, en parte, por una “merma importante en la capacidad de compra de la gente”, cuyos salarios “no aumentaron en la misma proporción” que los precios, lo que produjo.
El petróleo
Para la segunda mitad del año, el economista espera una “mayor ejecución de gasto público”, principalmente para el pago de bonificaciones de trabajadores públicos, impulsada por la mejora que -aseguró- ha habido en los ingresos petroleros, la fuente “más importante” de divisas del Estado, al representar el 80 % del total.
Un 15 % de los ingresos se obtienen a través de la venta de oro y otros metales, y el resto mediante la comercialización de chatarra y algunas operaciones con criptomonedas, según el experto.
Venezuela ha incrementado su producción petrolera un 10,6 % en los primeros siete meses del año -de 732.000 barriles por día (bpd) en enero a una media de 810.000 bpd en julio, según datos oficiales-, un resultado que celebra el Gobierno y que expertos atribuyen a la reanudación de las operaciones de la estadounidense Chevron, que recibió una licencia en noviembre de 2022.
El director de Ecoanalítica señaló que el permiso otorgado por Estados Unidos a Chevron es un “factor importante”, pues “ha permitido un incremento de producción” de “alrededor de 50.000 barriles a niveles de casi 150.000 barriles”.
Fase de estancamiento
En julio y agosto, Ecoanalítica registró una “mejora moderada” en las “ventas comerciales”, empujada por una “caída de los precios en dólares” en el país, que a partir de 2019 adoptó la divisa estadounidense ante el proceso de hiperinflación que vivía entonces.
Oliveros indicó que, según las cifras que maneja la firma, el aumento promedio de los precios en dólares fue del 52 % en enero respecto al mismo mes de 2022, mientras que, en agosto, fue del 22 %.
Explicó que esta disminución en el aumento se debe también a que algunas empresas “han tenido que recortar sus márgenes de ganancia” para “estimular un poco el consumo”.
Estos signos de mejora, sin embargo, “no van a compensar lo que ocurrió en el primer semestre”, por lo que es probable que el país entre en una “fase de estancamiento”.
Un crecimiento desigual en Venezuela
El crecimiento esperado en este segundo semestre “está concentrado en pocos sectores”, entre ellos alimentos, salud y comercios, y “no abarca áreas como construcción, manufactura, banca y seguros, que siguen estando muy afectadas”, de acuerdo con Oliveros.
Además, beneficia, principalmente, a la región capital, mientras que en las regiones (que están) del interior el desempeño económico “es mucho más precario”.
“Es una desigualdad social, sectorial y territorial”, dijo Oliveros, quien agregó que este crecimiento es “frágil” y “difícil de sostener en el tiempo”, ante los problemas estructurales que aún enfrenta Venezuela, como la crisis de los servicios públicos y la falta de financiación, además de las sanciones internacionales.
Fedecámaras, la mayor patronal de Venezuela, hizo un llamado recientemente a recuperar los servicios a través del trabajo entre el Estado y el sector privado, una sinergia que -aseguró- ha funcionado en la industria petrolera en los últimos meses, al poner como ejemplo las labores conjuntas entre la estatal Pdvsa y Chevron.
La patronal también se ha sumado a la petición del Ejecutivo, analistas, líderes de la oposición y varias ONG del levantamiento de las sanciones.
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